Standardised quantitative assays for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response used in vaccine clinical trials by the CEPI Centralized Laboratory Network: a qualification analysis.

BACKGROUND: Accurate quantitation of immune markers is crucial for ensuring reliable assessment of vaccine efficacy against infectious diseases. This study was designed to confirm standardised performance of SARS-CoV-2 assays used to evaluate COVID-19 vaccine candidates at the initial seven laboratories (in North America, Europe, and Asia) of the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) Centralized Laboratory Network (CLN). METHODS: Three ELISAs (pre-spike protein, receptor binding domain, and nucleocapsid), a microneutralisation assay (MNA), a pseudotyped virus-based neutralisation assay (PNA), and an IFN-γ T-cell ELISpot assay were developed, validated or qualified, and transferred to participating laboratories. Immune responses were measured in ELISA laboratory units (ELU) for ELISA, 50% neuralisation dilution (ND50) for MNA, 50% neutralisation titre (NT50) for PNA, and spot-forming units for the ELISpot assay. Replicate assay results of well characterised panels and controls of blood samples from individuals with or without SARS-CoV-2 infection were evaluated by geometric mean ratios, standard deviation, linear regression, and Spearman correlation analysis for consistency, accuracy, and linearity of quantitative measurements across all laboratories. FINDINGS: High reproducibility of results across all laboratories was demonstrated, with interlaboratory precision of 4·1-7·7% coefficient of variation for all three ELISAs, 3·8-19·5% for PNA, and 17·1-24·1% for MNA, over a linear range of 11-30 760 ELU per mL for the three ELISAs, 14-7876 NT50 per mL for PNA, and 21-25 587 ND50 per mL for MNA. The MNA was also adapted for detection of neutralising antibodies against the major SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. The results of PNA and MNA (r=0·864) and of ELISA and PNA (r=0·928) were highly correlated. The IFN-γ ELISpot interlaboratory variability was 15·9-49·9% coefficient of variation. Sensitivity and specificity were close to 100% for all assays. INTERPRETATION: The CEPI CLN provides accurate quantitation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 immune response across laboratories to allow direct comparisons of different vaccine formulations in different geographical areas. Lessons learned from this programme will serve as a model for faster responses to future pandemic threats and roll-out of effective vaccines. FUNDING: CEPI.

Targeting DDX3X Helicase Activity with BA103 Shows Promising Therapeutic Effects in Preclinical Glioblastoma Models.

DDX3X is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that has recently attracted interest for its involvement in viral replication and oncogenic progression. Starting from hit compounds previously identified by our group, we have designed and synthesized a new series of DDX3X inhibitors that effectively blocked its helicase activity. These new compounds were able to inhibit the proliferation of cell lines from different cancer types, also in DDX3X low-expressing cancer cell lines. According to the absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination properties, and antitumoral activity, compound BA103 was chosen to be further investigated in glioblastoma models. BA103 determined a significant reduction in the proliferation and migration of U87 and U251 cells, downregulating the oncogenic protein ß-catenin. An in vivo evaluation demonstrated that BA103 was able to reach the brain and reduce the tumor growth in xenograft and orthotopic models without evident side effects. This study represents the first demonstration that DDX3X-targeted small molecules are feasible and promising drugs also in glioblastoma.

The FHP01 DDX3X Helicase Inhibitor Exerts Potent Anti-Tumor Activity In Vivo in Breast Cancer Pre-Clinical Models.

Inhibition of DDX3X expression or activity reduces proliferation in cells from various tumor tissues, in particular in breast cancer, and its expression often correlates to tumor aggressiveness. This makes DDX3X a prominent candidate for the design of drugs for novel personalized therapeutic strategies. Starting from an in silico drug discovery approach, a group of molecules has been selected by molecular docking at the RNA binding site of DDX3X. Here, the most promising among them, FHP01, was evaluated in breast cancer preclinical models. Specifically, FHP01 exhibited very effective antiproliferative and killing activity against different breast cancer cell types, among which those from triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Interestingly, FHP01 also inhibited WNT signaling, a key tumorigenic pathway already correlated to DDX3X functions in breast cancer model cell lines. Ultimately, FHP01 also caused a significant reduction, in vivo, in the growth of MDA MB 231-derived TNBC xenograft models. Importantly, FHP01 showed good bioavailability and no toxicity on normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro and on several mouse tissues in vivo. Overall, our data suggest that the use of FHP01 and its related compounds may represent a novel therapeutic approach with high potential against breast cancer, including the triple-negative subtype usually correlated to the most unfavorable outcomes because of the lack of available targeted therapies.

Plasmin-Binding Tripeptide-Decorated Liposomes Loading Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines for Targeting Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most fatal cancer types worldwide. HCC cells were proved to overexpress c-Src and Sgk1, a tyrosine and a serine-threonine kinase, respectively, whose role is crucial for the development and progression of the tumor. Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine derivatives are a class of tyrosine kinase inhibitors that have shown good activity against HepG2. HCC cells were also proved to overexpress plasmin, which is localized on the cell surface bound to its receptors. In this study, a tripeptide with sequence d-Ala-Phe-Lys, which binds a specific reactive site of plasmin, was synthesized and characterized. This tripeptide was used to decorate liposomes encapsulating three selected pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines. Liposomes bearing tripeptide have been characterized, not showing remarkable differences with respect to the corresponding tripeptide-free liposomes. In vitro HepG2 cell uptake profiles and cytotoxicities showed that the presence of the tripeptide on the liposomal membrane surface improves the cell-penetrating ability of liposomes and increases the activity of two of the three tested compounds.

Quinone-Fused Pyrazoles through 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions: Synthesis of Tricyclic Scaffolds and in vitro Cytotoxic Activity Evaluation on Glioblastoma Cancer Cells.

A novel and straightforward synthesis of highly substituted isoquinoline-5,8-dione fused tricyclic pyrazoles is reported. The key step of the synthetic sequence is a regioselective, Ag2 CO3 promoted, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of C-heteroaryl-N-aryl nitrilimines and substituted isoquinoline-5,8-diones. The broad functional group tolerability and mild reaction conditions were found to be suitable for the preparation of a small library of compounds. These scaffolds were designed to interact with multiple biological residues, and two of them, after brief synthetic elaborations, were analyzed by molecular docking studies as potential anticancer drugs. In vitro studies confirmed the potent anticancer effects, showing promising IC50 values as low as 2.5 µm against three different glioblastoma cell lines. Their cytotoxic activity was finally positively correlated to their ability to inhibit PI3K/mTOR kinases, which are responsible for the regulation of diverse cellular processes in human cancer cells.

Prodrugs of Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines: From Library Synthesis to Evaluation as Potential Anticancer Agents in an Orthotopic Glioblastoma Model.

Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines are potent protein kinase inhibitors with promising antitumor activity but suboptimal aqueous solubility, consequently worth being further optimized. Herein, we present the one-pot two-step procedure for the synthesis of a set of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine prodrugs (1a-8a and 9a-e) with higher aqueous solubility and enhanced pharmacokinetic and therapeutic properties. ADME studies demonstrated for the most promising prodrugs a better aqueous solubility, a favorable hydrolysis in human and murine serum, and an increased ability to cross cell membranes with respect to the parental drugs, explaining their better 24 h in vitro cytotoxicity against human glioblastoma U87 cell line. Finally, the 4-4a couple of drug/prodrug was also evaluated in vivo, revealing a profitable pharmacokinetic profile of the prodrug associated with a good efficacy. The application of the prodrug approach demonstrated to be a successful strategy for improving aqueous solubility of the parental drugs, determining a positive impact also in their biological efficacy.

Aptamer Functionalization of Nanosystems for Glioblastoma Targeting through the Blood-Brain Barrier.

Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) may efficiently deliver in vivo therapeutics to tumors when conjugated to specific targeting agents. Gint4.T aptamer specifically recognizes platelet-derived growth factor receptor ß and can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We synthesized Gint4.T-conjugated PNPs able of high uptake into U87MG glioblastoma (GBM) cells and with astonishing EC50 value (38 pM) when loaded with a PI3K-mTOR inhibitor. We also demonstrated in vivo BBB passage and tumor accumulation in a GBM orthotopic model.

One drug for two targets: Biological evaluation of antiretroviral agents endowed with antiproliferative activity.

AIDS-related cancer diseases are malignancies with low incidence on healthy people that affect mostly subjects already immunocompromised. The connection between HIV/AIDS and these cancers has not been established yet, but a weakened immune system is certainly the main cause. We envisaged the possibility to screen a small library of compounds synthesized in our laboratory against opportunistic tumors mainly due to HIV infection like Burkitt's Lymphoma. From cellular assays and gene expression analysis we identified two promising compounds. These derivatives have the dual action required inhibiting HIV replication in human TZM-bl cells infected with HIV-1 NL4.3 and showing cytotoxic activity on human colon HT-29 and breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells. In addition, preclinical in vitro adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion studies highlighted a satisfactory pharmacokinetic profile.

Identification of new pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors in vitro active against Glioblastoma.

In the last few years, several pyrrolo-pyrimidine derivatives have been either approved by the US FDA and in other countries for the treatment of different diseases or are currently in phase I/II clinical trials. Herein we present the synthesis and the characterization of a novel series of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines, compounds 8a-j, and their activity against Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Docking studies and MM-GBSA analysis revealed the ability of such compounds to efficiently interact with the ATP binding site of Src. Enzymatic assays against a mini-panel of kinases (Src, Fyn, EGFR, Kit, Flt3, Abl, AblT315I) have been performed, showing an unexpected selectivity of our pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines for Src. Finally, the derivatives were tested for their antiproliferative potency on U87 GBM cell line. Compound 8h showed a considerable cytotoxicity effect against U87 cell line with an IC50 value of 7.1 µM.

Improvement of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines pharmacokinetic properties: nanosystem approaches for drug delivery.

Pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines are a class of compounds with a good activity against several cancer cell lines. Despite the promising anticancer activity, these molecules showed a poor aqueous solubility. This issue could threat the future development of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines as clinical drug candidates. With the aim of improving their solubility profile and consequently their pharmacokinetic properties, we have chosen four compounds (1-4) on the base of their anti-neuroblastoma activity and we have developed albumin nanoparticles and liposomes for the selected candidates. Albumin nanoparticles and liposomes were prepared and characterized regarding size and ζ-potential distribution, polidispersity index, entrapment efficiency and activity against SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cell line. The most promising nanosystem, namely LP-2, was chosen to perform further studies: confocal microscopy, stability and drug release in physiological conditions, and biodistribution. Altogether, the obtained data strongly indicate that the encapsulation of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines in liposomes represent an effective method to overcome the poor water solubility.

Molecular insights to the bioactive form of BV02, a reference inhibitor of 14-3-3σ protein-protein interactions.

BV02 is a reference inhibitor of 14-3-3 protein-protein interactions, which is currently used as chemical biology tool to understand the role of 14-3-3 proteins in pathological contexts. Due to chemical instability in certain conditions, its bioactive form has remained unclear. Here, we use NMR spectroscopy to prove for the first time the direct interaction between the molecule and 14-3-3σ, and to depict its bioactive form, namely the phthalimide derivative 9. Our work provides molecular insights to the bioactive form of the 14-3-3 PPI inhibitor and facilitates further development as candidate therapeutic agent.

2-Aminothiazolones as anti-HIV agents that act as gp120-CD4 inhibitors.

We report here the synthesis of 2-aminothiazolones along with their biological properties as novel anti-HIV agents. Such compounds have proven to act through the inhibition of the gp120-CD4 protein-protein interaction that occurs at the very early stage of the HIV-1 entry process. No cytotoxicity was found for these compounds, and broad antiviral activities against laboratory strains and pseudotyped viruses were documented. Docking simulations have also been applied to predict the mechanism, at the molecular level, by which the inhibitors were able to interact within the Phe43 cavity of HIV-1 gp120. Furthermore, a preliminary absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) evaluation was performed. Overall, this study led the basis for the development of more potent HIV entry inhibitors.